Exercise 21: Conditional Sentences (Page 97-98)
1. Understood
2. Would not have been
3. Will give
4. Would have told
5. Would have been
6. Had
7. Stopped
8. Needed
9. Would have found
10. Enjoyed
11. Paint
12. Were
13. Writes
14. Had permitted
15. Had spent
16. Will accept
17. Buys
18. Had decided
19. Would have written
20. Will leak
21. Studied
22. Hears
23. See
24. Gets
25. Turn
26. Were
27. Would have called
28. Would have talked
29. Explained
30. Spoke
Exercise 22: Used To (Page 99)
1. Eating
2. Eating
3. Swimming
4. Liking
5. Speaking
6. Studying
7. Dancing
8. Sleeping
9. Eating
10. Eating
Exercise 23: Would Rather (Page 101-102)
1. Stay
2. Stayed
3. Work
4. Studied
5. Not Study
6. Have
7. Stood
8. Not cook
9. Had not arrived
10. Have slept
Exercise 24: Must/Should + Perfective (Page105)
1. Should have had
2. Must have been
3. Must have damaged
4. Should not have packed
5. Must have studied
6. Should have studied
7. Must have been
8. Should have deposit
9. Must have forgotten
10. Must not have been studied
Exercise 25: Modals + Perfective (Page 105-106)
1. I would
2. Would have gone
3. May have had
4. Should have done
5. Must have forgotten
6. May have slept
7. Might have had
8. Could have lost
9. Should not have driven
10. It may have run
Adjectives and Adverbs (Tugas Jawaban dan Artikel)
Exercise 26, Page 107
1. Well
2. Intense
3. Brightly
4. Fluent
5. Fluently
6. Smooth
7. Accurately
8. Bitter
9. Soon
10. Fast
Exercise 27, Page 109
1. Terrible
2.Well
3. Good
4. Calm
5. Sick
6. Quickly
7. Diligently
8. Vehemently
9. Relaxed
10. Noisy
Exercise 28, Page 114
1. As soon
2. More important
3. As well
4. More expensive
5. As hot
6. More talented
7. More colorful
8. Happier
9. Worse
10. Faster
Exercise 29, Page 114
1. Than
2. Than
3. From
4. Than
5. As
6. Than
7. As
8. Than
9. Than
10. From
Exercise 30, Page 117-118
1. Best 11. The best
2. Happiest 12. From
3. Faster 13. Less impressive
4. Creamiest 14. The sicker
5. More colorful 15. When
6. Better 16. Twice as much as
7. Good 17. Little
8. More Awkwardly 18. Much
9. Least 19. farther
10. Prettiest 20. More Famous
Tugas Artikel
Adjective and Adverb
Adjective
Adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i,e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.
example:
That is a cute puppy.
She like a high school senior.
Adjectives may also follow the word the modify:
example:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is advance.
Adverb
Adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verb, adjectives, or other adverbs.
example:
He speaks slowly. (modifies the verb speaks)
He is especialy clever. (modifies the adjective clever)
He speaks all too slowly. (modifies the adverb slowly)
An adverb answers How, When, Where, or To What extent-How Often or How Much (ex., daily, completely).
example:
He speaks slowly. (answers the question how)
He speaks very slowly. (answers the question how slowly)
Rule 1
Many adverb end in -ly, but may do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to from an adverb.
example:
She thinks quick/quickly. How does She think? Quickly.
She is a quick/quickly thinker. Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no -ly is attached.
She thinks fast/fastly. Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.
We performed bad/badly. Badly describes how we performed so -ly added.
Rule 2
Adverb that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap -ly with linking verbs, such as taste, smell, look, eel, etc., taht pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences, which required adjectives instead.
example:
1. Roses smel sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No, in this case, smell is a linking verb-which requires an adjective to modify roses-so no -ly.
2. The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.
3. The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the -ly is added.
4. She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.
Rule 3
The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.
example:
You did a good job. Good describes the job.
You did the job well. Well answers how.
You smell good today. Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is correct.
You smell well for someone with a cold. You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.
Rule 4
The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.
examples:
You do not look well today.
I don't feel well.
Rule 5
Adjective come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective is its normal or usual from is called a positive degree adjective. There are also the comparative and superlative degree, which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
cool
cooler
coolest
good
better
best
effective
more effective
most effective
A common error in using adjective and adverb arises from using the wrong from of comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:
example : She is the cleverer or the two women (never cleverest)
The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only when comparing thre or more things:
example: She is the cleverest of them all.
Incorrect : Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?
Correct : Chocolate r vanilla: which do you like better?
Rule 6
There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal sage, do not drp the -ly from an adverb when using the comparative form.
Incorrect : She spoke quicker than he dd.
Correct : She spoke more quickly than he did.
Incorrect : Talk quieter.
Correct : Talk more quietly.
Rule 7
When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, They are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.
examples:
1. This house is for sale.
This is an adjective.
2. This is for sale.
This is a pronoun.
Causative Verbs Task 3 (Tugas Jawaban dan Artikel)
Exercise 31
1. Twelve
2. Language
3. Three acts
4. Two days
5. 79 pieces
6. Five shelves
7. 16 ounces each
8. Six quarts
9. Bricks
10. Ten speeds
Exercise 32 : Enough
1. Enough people
2. Enough French
3. Enough time
4. Fast enough
5. Soon enough
6. Early enough
7. Hard enough
8. Slowly enough
9. Enough flour
10. Enough books
Exercise 33 : Because/Because Of
1. Because
2. Because
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because of
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
Exercise 34 : So/Such
1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. Such
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. So
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So
Exercise 35 : Passive Voice
1. The president is called by somebody everyday.
2. The other members are being called by Jhon.
3. Mr. Watson will be called by somebody tonight.
4. Considerable damage has been caused by the fire.
5. The suppliers should be bought by the teacher for this class.
Exercise 36 : Causative Verbs
Leave
Repaired
To type
Call
To paint
Write
Lie
To send
To cut
Sign
Leave
To wash
Fixed
Published
To find
Tugas Artikel:
Causative Verbs in English: Let, Make, Have, Get, Help
The English verbs let, make, have, get, and help are called causative verbs because they cause something else to happen.
Here are some specific examples of how causative verbs work in English sentences.
How to use causative verbs in English
LET = permit something to happen
Grammatical structure:
LET + PERSON/THING + VERB (base form)
Examples:
I don’t let my kids watch violent movies.
Mary’s father won’t let her adopt a puppy because he’s allergic to dogs.
Our boss doesn’t let us eat lunch at our desks; we have to eat in the cafeteria.
Oops! I wasn’t paying attention while cooking, and I let the food burn.
Don’t let the advertising expenses surpass $1000.
Remember: The past tense of let is also let; there is no change!
Note: The verbs allow and permit are more formal ways to say “let.” However, with allow and permit, we use to + verb:
I don’t allow my kids to watch violent movies.
Our boss doesn’t permit us to eat lunch at our desks.
MAKE = force or require someone to take an action
Grammatical structure:
MAKE + PERSON + VERB (base form)
Examples:
After Billy broke the neighbor’s window, his parents made him pay for it.
My ex-boyfriend loved sci-fi and made me watch every episode of his favorite show.
The teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts were not acceptable.
Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb.
The school requires the students to wear uniforms.
“Require” often implies that there is a rule.
The hijacker forced the pilots to take the plane in a different direction.
“Force” often implies violence, threats, or extremely strong pressure
HAVE = give someone else the responsibility to do something
Grammatical structure:
HAVE + PERSON + VERB (base form)
HAVE + THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB
Examples of grammatical structure #1:
I’ll have my assistant call you to reschedule the appointment.
The businessman had his secretary make copies of the report.
Examples of grammatical structure #2:
I’m going to have my hair cut tomorrow.
We’re having our house painted this weekend.
Bob had his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!
My washing machine is broken; I need to have it repaired.
Note: In informal speech, we often use get in these cases:
I’m going to get my hair cut tomorrow.
We’re getting our house painted this weekend.
Bob got his teeth whitened; his smile looks great!
My washing machine is broken; I need to get it repaired.
GET = convince/encourage someone to do something
Grammatical structure:
GET + PERSON + TO + VERB
Examples:
How can we get all the employees to arrive on time?
My husband hates housework; I can never get him to wash the dishes!
I was nervous about eating sushi, but my brother got me to try it at a Japanese restaurant.
The non-profit got a professional photographer to take photos at the event for free.
HELP = assist someone in doing something
Grammatical structure:
HELP + PERSON + VERB (base form)
HELP + PERSON + TO + VERB
After “help,” you can use “to” or not – both ways are correct. In general, the form without “to” is more common:
He helped me carry the boxes.
He helped me to carry the boxes.
Reading before bed helps me relax.
Reading before bed helps me to relax.
Exercise 37-39
EXERCISE 37
Relative Clause
1. The last record which produced by this company became a gold record
2. Checking accounts that require a minimum balance are very common now
3. The professor whom you spoke yeterday is not here today
4. John whose grades are the highest in the school has received a scholarship
5. Felipe bought a camera which has three lenses
6. Frank is the man who we are going to nominate for the office or treasurer
7. The doctor is with a patient whose leg was broken in an accident
8. Jane is the women who is going to China next year
9. Janet wants a typewriter that self-corrects
10. The book which i found last week contains some useful information
11. Mr. Bryant whose team has lost the game looks very sad
12. James wrote an article which indicated that he disliked the president
13. The director of the program who graduated from Harvard University is planning retire next year
14. This is the book that i have been looking for all year
15. William whose brother is a lawyer wants to become judge
EXERCISE 38
Relative Clause Reduction
1. George is the man chosen to represent to committeat the convention
2. All the money accepted has already been released
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia
4. The man brought to the police station confessedto the crime
5. The girl dringking coffe is Mary Allen
6. Jhon's wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that i need
9. The number of students counted is quite hight
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day
EXERCISE 39
Subjunctive
1. The teacher demanded the student to leave the room
2. Correct
3. It was very important that we delayed discussion
4. Correct
5. The king decreed the new laws to take effect the following months
6. Correct
7. Correct
8. His father prefers him to attend a different university
9. The faculty stipulated the rule to be abolished
10. She urged us to find another alternative
TUGAS ARTIKEL:
Relative Clauses
How to Form Relative Clauses
Imagine, A girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether He knows her. You could say:
"A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl?"
That sounds rather complicated, doesn't it? It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence. Start with the most important thing - you want to know who the girl is.
"Do you know the girl ..."
As your friend cannot know which girl you are talking about, you need to put in the additional information - the girl is talking to Tom. Use,, the girl "only in the first part of the sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the relative pronoun,, who)" So the final sentence is:
"Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?"
Relative Pronouns
relative pronoun
use
example
who
subject or object pronoun for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which
referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom
object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which, that are sed for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguisg them as follows:
If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.
"The apple which is lying on the table"
If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relatve pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.
"The apple (which) George lay on the table"
Relative Adverbs
a relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This ften makes the sentence easier to understand.
"This is the shop in which I bought my bike."
relative adverb
meaning
use
example
when
in/on which
refers to a time expression
the day when we met him
where
in/at which
refers to a place
the place where we met him
why
for which
refers to a reason
the reason why we met him
Defining Relative Clauses
Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.
"Do you know thw girl who is talking to Tom?"
Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.
"A seaman is someone who works on a ship."
Object pronouns is defning relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative prnoun are called Contact Clause).
:The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice."
Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining clauses (also called non-identifying relative clause or non-retrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.
Imagine, Tom is n a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.
"Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?"
Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.
Object pronouns is non-defining relative clauses must be used.
"Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice."
How to Shorten Relative Clauses?
Relative Clases with who, which, that as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
"I told you about the woman who lives next door. -> I told you about the woman living next door."
"Do you see the cat which is lying n the roof? -> Do you see the cat lying on the roof?"
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